2nd millennium.html
 
| ca | de | en | es | fr | it | nl | no | pl | pt | ru | ro | fi | sv | tr | vo |


 

Millennia: 1st millennium · 2nd millennium · 3rd millennium
Centuries: 11th century · 12th century · 13th century · 14th century · 15th century · 16th century · 17th century · 18th century · 19th century · 20th century

The second millennium was a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. This is the second period of one thousand years in the Common Era.

The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. So the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar (or occasionally the Proleptic Gregorian calendar).

This millennium is perhaps more popularly (albeit incorrectly) thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31, 1999–January 1, 20001 — with few on the actual date a year later. The inaccuracy stems from the assumption that there is a year zero, however this is not the case for this calendar.

Contents

Overview

The 2nd millennium encompasses the High Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Early Modern Age, the age of Colonialism, Industrialisation, the rise of nation states and democracy, and culminates in the 20th century with the impact of science, widespread education, and universal healthcare and vaccinations in many nations. The centuries of expanding large-scale warfare with high-tech weaponry (of the World Wars and nuclear bombs) are offset by growing peace movements from the United Nations, the Peace Corps, religious campaigns warning "violence begets violence" (Christianity, etc.), plus doctors/healthworkers crossing borders to reduce injuries or disease, and the return of the Olympics as contest without combat.

From the 16th century, major population movements had set in, initially from Europe and Africa (via Atlantic slave trade) to the New World, with subsequent increased migration from Asia to the Americas, beginning the ever-accelerating process of globalization.

Scientists (with Einstein) prevail in explaining intellectual freedom, and new technology is developed by governments, industry, and academia across the world, with education shared by many international conferences and journals. The development of moveable type, radio, television, and the Internet spread information worldwide, within minutes, in audio, video, and print-image format to educate, entertain, and alert billions of people by the end of the 20th century.

The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, with home offices in multiple countries. International business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought.

The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, (from 310 million in AD 1000 to 600 million in AD 1700), and later increased tenfold over its last three centuries, rising to 6070 million in AD 2000.

Civilizations

Civilization of the 2nd millennium AD
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania

Events and trends

Events and trends of the 2nd millennium AD
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
11th Century

1054 Almoravid dynasty established2
1060 Kingdom of Kanem converts to Islam3
1075 Almoravids conquered Ghana4

1008 The Tale of Genji completed5
1005 Treaty of Shanyuan signed
1044 Gunpowder recipe published6

1054 The East-West Schism divides the Christian church
1088 The first university was founded7
1095 First Crusade8

    
12th Century

1143 Almohad dynasty take control from the Almoravids9
1171 Salah-ad-Din deposes Fatimid ruler of Egypt and establishes the Ayyubid dynasty10
1173 Ayyubids capture Qasr Ibrim in Nubia11

1117 The magnetic compass is used at sea12
1120 Meng Yuanlao describes four-star dining in Kaifeng13
1150 Construction of Angkor Wat14

1169 Averoes translates Aristotle15

1100 Toltecs establish capital at Tula16
1124 Arnaldur appointed first bishop of Greenland17
1175 Destruction of Toltec civilization18

  
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
13th Century

1200 Kingdom of Mwenemutapa established in Zimbabwe19

1203 Sumaguru Kante of Sosso conquers kingdom of Ghana20
1250 Mamluk soldiers take Egypt from the Ayyubids21

1211 Genghis Khan Builds an Empire22

1215 Magna Carta23 1260 Dedication of the Cathedral at Chartres24

1200 Chichén Itzá abandoned25
1200 Kingdom of Cuzco founded26
1200 Expansion of Chimú state of Chimor27

1200 Tahitians colonize Hawaii28
14th Century

1324 Musa's pilgramage to Mecca29
1365 Crusade led by king of Cyprus sacks Alexandria30
1375 Kingdom of Songhai breaks away from Mali31

1350 Coffee was first brewed32

1348 The Black Plague33
1350 Emergence of fashion34

1315 Founding of Tenochtitlan35
1350 Norsemen abandon Greenland36
1350 War between Inca and Chimú37

1300 Polynesian immigration of New Zealand38
1300 Hawaiians develop class structure39
1300 Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island40
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
15th Century

1483 Diogo Cão made contact with the kingdom of Kongo41
1496 Spain conquers Melilla, Morocco42
1497 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches Cape of Good Hope43

1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople44

1413 The invention of linear perspective45
1455 Gutenberg Bible printed46

1470 Incas conquer Chimú empire 47
1428 Aztecs conquer Atzcapotzalco, ally with Texcoco and Tlacopan, become the dominant state in Mexico48
1492 Voyages of Christopher Columbus49

1400 Tongans build ceremonial centre at Mu'a50
16th Century

1509 African slaves arrive in the Americas51

  

1517 The Ninety-Five Theses published52
1543 Publication of On the Structure of the Human Body53
1596 Invention of the toilet54

1535 Eurpeans discover tobacco55
1537 Europeans discover potatos56
1545 The discovery of silver in the Andes mountains57

1550 Maoris of New Zealand build fortified enclosures58
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
17th Century  

1610 Tea spreads to the world59

1603 First performance of Hamlet60
1610 Galileo publishes his observations of Jupiter61
1666 Discovery of gravitation62

1607 Viriginia colony founded63
1624 Manhattan island purchased from Native Americans64
1697 Last Mayan resistance defeated 65

1600 Tu'i Konokupolu dynasty take power in Tonga66
1642 Abel Tasman sights New Zealand67
18th Century

1799 Discovery of the Rosetta Stone68

  

1722 Bach divided the scale into 12 equal semitones69
1769 Invention of the steam engine70
1796 The first vaccination71

1742 Native American revolt against Spanish in Peru72
1776 Declaration of Independence published73

  
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
19th Century  

1868 End of Japanese seclusion74
1869 The Suez Canal opens75

1830 First steam railway76
1859 Publication of Orign of Species77
 1882 Koch proves the germ theory of disease78

1821 Bolivar liberates Venezuela79
1876 Menlo Park opens80
1876 First telephone transmission81

1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed82
1845 New Zealand land wars83
20th Century  

1917 The Russian Revolution84
1934 Mao's long march85
1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki86

1901 First transatlantic radio transmission87
1928 Discovery of penicillin88
1933 Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor89

1903 First controlled, powered airplane flight 90
1908 Ford builds the Model T91
1928 First television broadcast92

1915 Australians and New Zealanders serve in the Gallipoli Campaign
1985 Nuclear Free Zone established in New Zealand93

Significant people

There are hundreds of notable persons who helped shape the 2nd millennium AD. Many historians have created lists of the most influential or notable people of the millennium.9495 The volunteer editors of Wikipedia are continually editing this list of 100 persons in an attempt to present to the reader a wide view of the millennium. To that end we have attempted to evenly distribute the persons both geographically and chronologically.

Significant people of the 2nd millennium AD
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
11th Century   Shen Kuo
Omar Khayyám		 William the Conquerer96
Basil II		    
12th Century   Minamoto no Yoritomo
Bhaskara II
Genghis Khan97		 Richard I of England    
13th Century     Marco Polo Sapa Inca

Roy Mata98
14th Century Ibn Khaldun Yongle Emperor
Madhava
Timur		 Johannes Gutenberg99
Jan Hus		 Acamapichtli  
15th Century Sonni Ali
Zara Yaqob		 Hongxi Emperor
Guru Nanak Dev

Suleiman

 Nicolaus Copernicus100 Moctezuma I  
 
Africa
Asia
Europe
America
Oceania
16th Century   Xu Guangqi
Shah Jahan		 William Shakespeare101 Squanto Atahualpa
17th Century   Matsuo Basho Sir Isaac Newton102
Peter the Great103		 Pocahontas  
18th Century Shaka Qianlong Emperor Napoleon I of France104
Catherine the Great		 Benjamin Franklin Kamehameha I
19th Century   Empress Dowager Cixi
Mangal Pandey		 Charles Darwin105
Nikola Tesla		 Thomas Edison106
Simon Bolivar107		 Te Kooti
20th Century Nelson Mandela
Paul Rusesabagina		 Mao Zedong108
Mahatma Gandhi
Gamal Abdel Nasser		 Albert Einstein109
John Paul II		 Martin Luther King, Jr.
Fidel Castro		 Israel Kamakawiwo'ole

see also

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Centuries and decades

11th century 1000s 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s
12th century 1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s
13th century 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s
14th century 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s
15th century 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s
16th century 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s
17th century 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s
18th century 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
19th century 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
20th century 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
v • d • e
Millennia

1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th and beyond

11th BCE and prior · 10th BCE · 9th BCE · 8th BCE · 7th BCE · 6th BCE · 5th BCE · 4th BCE · 3rd BCE · 2nd BCE · 1st BCE

References

  1. ^ Greenwich 2000: Millennium FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
  2. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  3. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  4. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  5. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  6. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  7. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  8. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  9. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  10. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  11. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  12. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  13. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  14. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  15. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  16. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  17. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  18. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  19. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  20. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  21. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  22. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  23. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  24. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  25. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  26. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  27. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  28. ^ "Oceania AD 1100-1520". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  29. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  30. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  31. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  32. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  33. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  34. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  35. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  36. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  37. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  38. ^ Robbie. "Timeline of events in New Zealand history". New Zealand in History. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  39. ^ "Oceania AD 1000-1520". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  40. ^ "Oceania AD 1100-1520". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  41. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  42. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  43. ^ "Africa AD 600-1500". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-17.
  44. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  45. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  46. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  47. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  48. ^ "Americas AD 1000-1492". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  49. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  50. ^ "Oceania AD 1100-1520". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  51. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  52. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  53. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  54. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  55. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  56. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  57. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  58. ^ "Oceania AD 1520-1770". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  59. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  60. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  61. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  62. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  63. ^ "Americas 1492-1800". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  64. ^ "Americas 1492-1800". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  65. ^ "Americas 1492-1800". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  66. ^ "Oceania". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  67. ^ "Timeline of New Zealand History". Open-Site, Free Internet Encyclopedia. Open-Site Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  68. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  69. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  70. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  71. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  72. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  73. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  74. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  75. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  76. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  77. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  78. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  79. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  80. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  81. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  82. ^ "Timeline of New Zealand History". Open-Site, Free Internet Encyclopedia. Open-Site Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  83. ^ "Timeline of New Zealand History". Open-Site, Free Internet Encyclopedia. Open-Site Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  84. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  85. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  86. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  87. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  88. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  89. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  90. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  91. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  92. ^ Toast, Scott (2002-02-19). "Top 100 Events of the Millennium". adapted from LIFE Magazine. Scott Toast. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.
  93. ^ "Timeline of New Zealand History". Open-Site, Free Internet Encyclopedia. Open-Site Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  94. ^ Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper; Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers, Brent Bowers (1998). 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium. Kodansha International. ISBN 1568362536. 
  95. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  96. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  97. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  98. ^ "Oceania". World Timelines. The British Museum (2005). Retrieved on 2008-11-16.
  99. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  100. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  101. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  102. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  103. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  104. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  105. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  106. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  107. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  108. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages. ISBN 0806513500. 
  109. ^ Hart, Michael H. (2000). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel, 556 pages.