List of events named massacres.html
 
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This is a list of events named "massacre". The term suggests mass murder and its usage may be controversial. It is common for one side in a dispute to vehemently term a certain event as being "a massacre" and for the other side to hotly deny it was such.

The word massacre was loaned into English from Middle French, derived from Old French maçacre (and variants) "slaughterhouse, butcher's shop". The term maçacre was already used in Anglo-Norman in the sense of "slaughter of many people" in the 12th century. The word's ultimate origin is from late Latin mazacrium "slaughter". The first recorded use in English of the word massacre dates to the late 16th century, in reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The Oxford English Dictionary records:1

1578 (R. Lindsay, Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 291): "The xxiiij day of August..the grytt..murther and massecar of Paris wes committit."
1593 (Marlowe) "The massacre at Paris"
1617, (F. Moryson Itinerary I. 131) "I wondered to see the Massacre of Paris painted upon the wall."

Massacre can also be used as a verb, (the first usage of which was "1588 J. PENRY Viewe Publ. Wants Wales 65 Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules..are dangerous subjects.")2, and this usage is not recorded in this list.

Massacre is also used idiomatically for events that do not involve any deaths, such as the Saturday Night Massacre, which was a mass firing of political appointees during the Watergate scandal. Such events are not listed in the table below.

Contents


List of events

Date Location Name Deaths Description
0390-00-00390 Thessaloniki, Greece Massacre of Thessaloniki34 0,007,000 c.7,000citation needed A retaliatory action by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I against the inhabitants of the Greek city of Thessaloniki, who had risen in revolt.
1002-11-131002 November 13 Kingdom of England St. Brice's Day massacre56 0,000,000 unknown Anglo-Saxon king Ethelred II ordered the killing of all Danes living in England.7
1066-00-00 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Granada massacre89 0,004,000 c.4,00010 A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city.1011
1325-00-00 1325 Crow Creek Site, North America (present South Dakota) Crow Creek Massacre1213 0,000,500 c.50014 Native Americans indigenous to South Dakota killed Central Plains villagers.1514
1572-00-00 1572 Paris, France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre1617 0,003,000 c.3,00018over several days. A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.191820
1622-00-00 1622 March 22 Virginia, North America Jamestown Massacre2122 0,000,347 347citation needed The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony.
1644-0528 1644, May 28 Bolton, England Bolton Massacre 0,000,800 up to 1,600citation needed Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.232425
1644-0528 1649, September 11 Drogheda, Ireland Siege of Drogheda 0,003,000 up to 4,00026 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army massacred almost all of the town's defenders and many citizens.26
1692-02-13 1692 February 13 Scotland Massacre of Glencoe27 0,000,038 3828 Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.28
1770-03-05 1770, March 5 Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay Boston Massacre 0,000,005 5 29 British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent. 3031
1771-07-17 1771 July 17 Kugluktuk, Nunavut Bloody Falls Massacre 0,000,020 2032 Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.333435
1778-09-28 1778, September 28 River Vale, New Jersey Baylor Massacre 0,000,015 15 killed36 British infantry troops attacked sleeping Continental Light Dragoons using bayonets.36
1792-00-00 1792 France September Massacres3738 0,001,440 c. 1440citation needed Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.39
1819-08-16 1819, August 16 Manchester, England Peterloo Massacre 0,000,011 11 killed, over 500 injured40 Armed cavalry charged a peaceful pro-democracy meeting of 60,000 people.40
1838-01-00 1838 January Waterloo Creek, Australia Waterloo Creek massacre41 0,000,200 100 to 300citation needed Aboriginal Australians killed. 42citation needed
1838-06-10 1838, June 10 Myall Creek, Australia Myall Creek massacre41 0,000,028 28citation needed A white posse killed Aboriginal Australians. For the only time, the perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.43
1838-10-30 1838, October 30 Caldwell County, Missouri, United States Haun's Mill massacre44 0,000,019 19citation needed About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators militiamen and volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one ally.4546
1840 1840-1850 Gippsland, Australia Gippsland massacres47. 0,000,019 circa 450 48 1840 - Nuntin, 1840 - Boney Point, 1841 - Butchers Creek - 30-35, 1841 - Maffra, 1842 - Skull Creek, 1842 - Bruthen Creek - "hundreds killed", 1843 - Warrigal Creek - between 60 and 180 shot, 1844 - Maffra, 1846 - South Gippsland - 14 killed, 1846 - Snowy River - 8 killed, 1846-47 - Central Gippsland - 50 or more shot, 1850 - East Gippsland - 15-20 killed, 1850 - Murrindal - 16 poisoned, 1850 - Brodribb River - 15-20 killed.48. See also Angus McMillan.
1842-01-06 1842 January 6–January 13 Afghanistan Massacre of Elphinstone's army 0,016,000 16,000citation needed Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.495051
1854-08-201854, August 20 Oregon Territory, United States (near

Caldwell, Idaho)

 Ward massacre52 0,000,019 1952 Shoshone tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.53
1857-09-11 1857, September 11 Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory, United States Mountain Meadows massacre 0,000,150 12054

-14055

 Mormon militia , some dressed as Indians, and Paiute tribesmen killed and plundered unarmed members of the Fancher-Baker emigrant wagon train.56
1857-11-001857 November Utah Territory, United States Aiken massacre 0,000,006 657 Six wealthy Californians travelling through the territory, arrested as spies, released, then killed.58
1859-07-271859, July 27 Washington Territory, United States (near Holbrook, Idaho) Shepherd massacre 0,000,0055citation needed Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians killed and plundered California emigrant wagon train members..59
1859-08-311859, August 31 Washington Territory, United States (near Massacre Rocks, Idaho) Miltmore massacre 0,000,0088citation needed Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.60
1863-08-21 1863, August 21 Kansas, USA Lawrence Massacre 0,000,150 c.1506162 Pro-Confederate bushwhackers attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War.6364
1864-11-29 1864, November 29 Kiowa County, Colorado Sand Creek massacre 0,000,200 c. 20065 Colorado Territory militia destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.6667
1876-00-00 1873 Colfax, Louisiana Colfax massacre c. 150 White racists massacred Black freedmen in order to decide by force a disputed elections for state governor and in general deprive Blacks of political rights gained in the aftermath of the Civil War
1890-12-29
1876-00-00 1876 Ottoman Empire Batak massacre686970 0,005,000 5,000citation needed Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.71
1890-12-29 1890, December 29 Wounded Knee, South Dakota Wounded Knee Massacre 0,000,178 178citation needed 500 U.S. 7th Cavalry arrived to escort Lakota Sioux people to Nebraska, but fighting broke out.7273
1906-03-10 1906, March 10 Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines Moro Crater massacre7475 0,000,900 800 to 1,000citation needed Forces of the U.S. Army under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, a naval detachment comprising 540 soldiers, along with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.76
1919-04-13 1919, April 13 India Amritsar massacre 0,000,379 3797778 British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer fired at unarmed civilians.7778
1920-11-21 1920, November 21 Dublin, Ireland Croke Park Massacre 0,000,023 2379 British Auxiliary police and Black and Tans fired at Gaelic Football spectators at Croke Park.8079
1929-02-14 1929 February 14 Chicago Saint Valentine's Day massacre 0,000,007 781 Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.82
1930-04-23 1930, April 23 Peshawar, British Raj Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre 0,000,225 200 to 2508384 Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement8384
1937-00-00 1937–1938 China Nanking massacre8586 (Rape of Nanking) 0,220,000 42,000–400,000, median: 260,00087 The Japanese Imperial Army pillaged Nanking for six weeks88
1940-00-00 1940 Soviet Union Katyn massacre 0,024,000 2,8578990 to 25,70091 Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.9293
1941-00-00 1941 Soviet Union NKVD prisoner massacres 0,100,000 c.100,00094 The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, or NKVD) executed tens of thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.9594
1941-09-29 1941, September 29 and September 30 Ukraine Babi Yar massacre 0,030,001 more than 30,00096 Germans killed the Jewish population of Kiev.96979899100
1942-00-00 1942 Laha Airfield, Ambon Island Laha massacre 0,000,300 ~300101 The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.101102
1942-06-10 1942 10 June Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Lidice massacre 0,000,340 340103 Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.104103105
1944-00-00 1944 Italy Marzabotto massacre 0,001,250 c.700 to 1,800106 The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.106107
1944-06-10 1944 Oradour-sur-Glane, France Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 0,001,250 642108 The Waffen SS killed 642 men, women and children without giving any specific reasons for their actions.108

109 110 111 112 113 114
1944-12-00 1944, December the Battle of the Bulge, Belgium Malmedy massacre 0,000,088 88citation needed German soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).115
1953-03-26 1953, March 26 Lari near Nairobi, Kenya Lari Massacre 0,000,150 ~150 About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.116117
1960-03-21 1960, March 21 Sharpeville, South Africa Sharpeville massacre 0,000,081 72 to 90118 South African police shot down black protesters.119
1962-00-001962 Novocherkassk, Soviet Union Novocherkassk massacre 0,000,044 23 to 70120 killed, over 40 wounded121 The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.122
1968-00-00 1968 South Vietnam My Lai massacre 0,000,504 504123 US soldiers killed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.123124
1968-00-00 1968 Mexico City, Mexico Tlatelolco massacre 0,000,160 25 to 350125 126 Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 350 (according to human rights activists) students on the eve of the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre. 126127
1970-05-04 May 4, 1970 Kent State University, Ohio, USA Kent State massacre 0,000,004 4citation needed 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.128129130
1972-05-30 1972 May 30 Lod, Israel Lod Airport massacre 0,000,02426131 Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).131132133134135
1972-09-05 1972 September 5 Munich, Germany Munich massacre136 0,000,011 11137 Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group.
1975-07-31 1975, July 31 Northern Ireland Miami Showband massacre 0,000,005 5citation needed Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.138139140141142
1976-00-00 1976 Northern Ireland Kingsmill massacre 0,000,010 10143 Irish republicans shot ten Irish Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.143144
1978-03-11 1978 March 11 Israel Coastal Road massacre 0,000,035 35145 Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.146147145148
1982-00-00 1982 Iraq Dujail Massacre 0,000,148 148149 Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to carry out a reprisal attack against the town, which resulted in 148 of the town's men being killed.150149
1982-09-00 1982 September Lebanon Sabra and Shatila massacre 0,002,000 700 to 3,500 Refugees are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in refugee camps surrounded by Israeli Defence Forces. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.151152153
1985-08-14 1985, 14 August Peru Accomarca massacre 0,000,069 47154, 69155 or 74156 An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.155
1987-08-19 1987, August 19 Hungerford, England Hungerford massacre 0,000,016 16157 A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.158
1988-03-16 1988, March 16 Belfast, Northern Ireland Milltown massacre 0,000,003 3citation needed Ulster Freedom Fighters member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.159160
1990-06-04 1989, June 4 Tiananmen Square, Beijing, People's Republic of China Tiananmen Square Massacre 0,000,600 400 to 3,000161 Student pro-democracy protestors were killed by the Chinese military.162163
1989-12-06 1989, December 6 École Polytechnique, Montréal, Canada École Polytechnique massacre164 0,000,014 14citation needed Marc Lépine, claiming to fight feminism, shot and killed 14 female students of the École Polytechnique de Montréal and wounded 14 other people before turning his gun on himself. The event led to stricter gun control laws165 and changes in police tactical response to shootings in Canada.166
1991-00-00 1991 Croatia Vukovar massacre 0,000,264 264citation needed Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.167 168 169 170
1992-02-6 1992 February 26 Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Khojaly massacre 0,000,613 613171 Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, captured the town of Khojaly and killed 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children.172173174
1993-10-30 1993, October 30 Greysteel, Northern Ireland Greysteel massacre 0,000,008 8citation needed Ulster Freedom Fighters opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol.175176177178179180181
1993-00-00 1993 Brazil Yanomami Massacre 0,000,044 c.16182 to 73183 Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people.
1994-00-00 1994 West Bank Cave of the Patriarchs massacre184185/Ibrahimi Mosque massacre186 0,000,029 29citation needed Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle killing 29 Muslims and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque before being subdued and beaten to death.187188
1995-01-22 1995, January 22 Israel Beit Lid massacre 0,000,021 22189 First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.190191192193
1995-00-00 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Srebrenica massacre 0,008,000 c.8,000194 Units of the Army of Republika Srpska killed male Bosniaks; the largest mass killing in Europe since World War II.194195
1996-03-13 1996, March 13 Scotland Dunblane massacre 0,000,018 18citation needed A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.196197198
1996-00-00 1996 Lebanon 1996 shelling of Qana, AKA: Qana Massacre199200 0,000,106 106citation needed Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately two hundred Lebanese civilians. .201

202 203 204205
2000-07-27 2000, July 27 West Bengal, India Nanoor massacre 0,000,011 11citation needed Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.206207208
2002-03-27 2002 March 27 Netanya, Israel Passover massacre 0,000,030 30209 Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility. 209210211212213
2004-09-01 2004, September 1 Beslan, Russian Federation Beslan School Massacre 0,000,334 334citation needed Armed Chechen separatists214 took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.215216217
2007-04-16 2007, April 16 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States Virginia Tech massacre218219 0,000,033 33[3] Cho Seung-Hui shoots and kills 32 people, and wounds 25 others, in two separate shootings on the campus of Virginia Tech. Cho later committed suicide.
2008-05-16 2008, May 16 Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines RCBC Bank Robbery Massacre 0,000,010 10citation needed 10 people (including a security guard and a depositor) at a RCBC bank branch in Laguna were killed during a bank robbery. Nine of the victims died on the scene and one died later at a hospital. Laguna police chief Felipe Rojas said it was the worst bank robbery in Philippine history. Initial reports claimed that two security guards who were supposed to be on their shift were missing, leading authorities to suspect they were involved in the crime as part of an inside job.220

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
  3. ^ John Julius Norwich (1989). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. New York: Knopf, p. 112. ISBN 0394537785, OCLC 18164817. 
  4. ^ Edward Gibbon, D. M. Low (1960). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt Brace, ch. 27 2:56. OCLC 402038. 
  5. ^ Ann Williams (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London, p. 54. ISBN 1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838. 
  6. ^ Simon Hall (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, p. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2. 
  7. ^ Staff. Saint Brices Day massacre, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 26 December 2007
  8. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press, p. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7. 
  9. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill, p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9. 
  10. ^ a b Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  11. ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Abraham Ibd Daud: On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 11Cent
  12. ^ Lane A. Beck (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press, p. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5. 
  13. ^ Michal Strutin (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Momuments Association, p. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0. 
  14. ^ a b Staff. The Crow Creek Massacre www.nebraskastudies.org
  15. ^ Staff, Crow Creek Massacre, University of South Dakota
  16. ^ Alastair Armstrong (2003). France, 1500-1715. London: Heinemann Education Publishers, p. 65. ISBN 0435327518. 
  17. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Tucson, AZ: University of California Press, p. 324. ISBN 0-520-04090-2. 
  18. ^ a b Staff. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Columbia Encyclopedia, Questia Online Library
  19. ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history), Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  20. ^ Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
  21. ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
  22. ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
  23. ^ Bolton history
  24. ^ Lonely Planet
  25. ^ John Tincey, Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End: Osprey Publishing (March 11, 2003) ISBN 1841763349 p 33 "the `massacre at Bolton' became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda"
  26. ^ a b [Mícheál Ó Siochrú/RTÉ ONE, Cromwell in Ireland Part 1. Broadcast 9/9/2008]
  27. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 ‘H. MACDIARMID’ Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
  28. ^ a b Glencoe, engraved by W. Miller after J.M.W. Turner, Edinburgh University library
  29. ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, W.W.Norton and Co.(1970), 199-200.
  30. ^ Boston Massacre - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  31. ^ Boston Massacre
  32. ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
  33. ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries Accessed 23 December, 2007
  34. ^ Staff, Samuel Hearne and David Thompson, trekking in the footsteps, HighBeam Research, (From: Manitoba History Society| Date: 6/1/2005| Author: Binning, Alexander)
  35. ^ Bloody Falls, The Canadian Encyclopedia
  36. ^ a b Wright, Kevin W.. "OVERKILL: Revolutionary War Reminiscences of River Vale". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved on 2008-10-31.
  37. ^ Historywiz.com
  38. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
  39. ^ Dwyer, Phillip and McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge, p. 66. ISBN 978-0415199070. 
  40. ^ a b "New plaque for massacre memorial", BBC, 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  41. ^ a b National Centre for History Education (Australia)
  42. ^ "Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience", Bruce Elder, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2003
  43. ^ "Myall Creek Massacre", Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
  44. ^ FAQ "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" - Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
  45. ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
  46. ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
  47. ^ Gardner, P.D.. (2001) , Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800-1860, Ngarak Press, Essay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
  48. ^ a b Gippsland Settlers and the Kurnai Dead - Patrick Morgan - Quadrant Magazine
  49. ^ Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897
  50. ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838-42
  51. ^ Massacre of Elphinstone's army
  52. ^ a b Staff. Snake River Massacre Account by One of the Survivors, Oregon Historical Society, 2002 .
  53. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 73-102. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  54. ^ Carleton, James Henry (1859), (Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Washington: Government Printing Office (published 1902), http://books.google.com/books?id=MBYiwjNst6EC .
  55. ^ Thompson, Jacob (1860), Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No. 42, Washington, D.C., http://www.archive.org/details/messageofpreside00unitrich .
  56. ^
    • Bagley, Will (2002), Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-3426-7 .
    • Brooks, Juanita (1950), Mountain Meadows Massacre, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-2318-4 .
    • Denton, Sally (2003), American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-41208-5 .
  57. ^ Roger A. Hall. Performing the American Frontier, 1870-1906,Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0521793203. p 93
  58. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1889), The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of Utah, 1540–1886, San Francisco: History Company, LCC F826.B2 1889, LCCN 07018413, http://books.google.com/books?id=2OwNAAAAIAAJ (Chapter XX. pp-562-563) (