WikiPortallus: Operation Phoenix (railway).html

Operation Phoenix was a post World War II rehabilitation program carried out by the Victorian Railways (VR) in Australia. The program commenced in 1950 and was originally planned to take 10 years and cost £80 million pounds.¹ Operation Phoenix was named after the bird from Egyptian mythology.

Background

The Victorian Railways of the 1930s and 1940s had become run down, with years of economic depression, the war effort, and material shortages resulting in a general decline. At the time it was expected that a railway the size of the VR should have been building 25 locomotives, 30 to 40 carriages, and 500 wagons per year, as well as relaying 60 miles of track. In reality the VR had only able to build an average of 4 locomotives and 200 wagons per year, and these gains had been counteracted by long overdue scrappings.¹

When World War II hit, the VR had no chance to rebuilt, with resources being directed towards the war effort, only patch up work and essential maintenance was possible. Furthermore, passenger travel had been restricted by government, then cut even further due to fuel shortages, with trains taking longer and buffets carriages removed.¹ Despite this, in 1948-49 country passenger business was up 76 percent on that of 1938-39, the best pre war years, and suburban traffic was up 22 percent. In addition goods traffic was up by 53 percent, with more goods being handled than any of the war years.¹

After the end of the war, rebuilding work begun in a small way, with new steel air conditioned carriages built, as well as new sleeping cars for The Overland.¹ However, the growth in patronage was due to a lack of alternate transport, with wartime petrol rationing still in force. Passengers were unimpressed with the service provided, and were looking for someone to blame.² In 1949 a review of the Victorian Railways was commissioned by transport minister Kent Hughes, and was carried out by British Railways Chief Executive John Elliot.³ The report found much to admire in the management and staff, but criticised the run down locomotives, rolling stock, and track and predicted a 'final breakdown of rail transport' in ten years if nothing was done. The ideas of the report were not new, the Victorian Railways had been making plans for modernisation of their operations, but did not have the money or political will to implement them.²

Works

Operation Phoenix was conceived to address these issues, and took 18 months of planning before it was publicly released. As a whole the program would cost £83 million pounds, with £40 million pounds to be spent on rolling stock, including:

To ensure the earliest possible delivery, the construction of the steam locomotives, railcars, and half of the wagons was contracted to British firms, with 18 of the railcars had already been completed by 1950.¹ The major components for the mainline diesel electric locomotives were to be imported from the United States, dependent on the allocation of foreign exchange funds from the federal government.³

The remainder of the new rolling stock was constructed by the VR's own workshops, including 20 of the 'N class' steam engines, 14 new air conditioned passenger cars, and 2 new suburban trains.¹

Funding difficulties

After the 1951-52 financial year, the Victorian Railways were almost £6 million pounds in deficit. Freight rates and passenger fares were increased, but the VR still did not expect to make ends meet. The program of works for 1952-53 was intended to be £12.5 million pounds, and was intended to cover the duplication of the Alamein line between Camberwell and Ashburton, track amplification between Flinders Street and South Yarra, a new Richmond station, importation of 1500 precut houses from England for railway staff, and the purchase of equipment for the use of pulverised brown coal in steam locomotives.⁴

However loans became difficult to negotiate due to money market issues, and so the budget for Operation Phoenix was cut back to £6.8 million pounds. Capital works were slowed, with the loss of employment for many men, and hundreds of thousands of pounds of material were held in storage. Works on the Gippsland electrification was to be completed to Warragul station by 1953, but due to the funding cuts the time line was revised to 1954. 500 of the precut houses were cancelled, the Victorian contribution to joint carriage stock for use on the The Overland was cut to 6 sitting cars, and work at Newport Railway Workshops building locomotives, carriages and livestock trucks was suspended. Outside rolling stock contractors were also told to slow down, and to defer claims for progress payments until the 1953-54 financial year.⁴

By the end of that year five of the B class diesels and five more R classes were in service.⁴

Outcomes

By 1953 the new mainline diesels were running 3,000 miles (4,800 km) a week, four times as far as the best steam locomotives.⁵ An hour had been cut from long distance passenger trains to Adelaide, Bairnsdale, Warrnambool, Mildura, and other were also sped up with the delivery of further locomotives. Electrification of the Gippsland line was completed to Warragul in 1954 and to Traralgon in 1956 at a total cost of £6.3 million pounds,⁶ but electrification did not spread to the other country railways are originally intended by Operation Pheonix, as the new diesel locomotives were more cost effective than the electrics.⁷ Dieselisation of the Victorian Railways continued, with the T class branchline locomotives delivered from 1955.³ Operation Phoenix was also the peak of capital spending on the Victorian railways, the expenditure during 1950-51 was not exceeded until 1984-85.⁸

Operation Phoenix (railway).html

Contents

Background

Works

Funding difficulties

Outcomes

See also

References