Orders of magnitude (temperature).html |
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| Factor | Multiple | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−∞ | 0 K | absolute zero: free-bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system |
| 10−30 | particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe (see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy)) |
|
| 10−18 | 1 aK | macroscopic teleportation of matter |
| 10−15 | 1 fK | atomic waves coherent over inches atomic particles decoherent over inches |
| 10−12 | 1 pK | 100 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, during the nuclear magnetic ordering at Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose-Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT1 |
| 10−9 | 1 nK | 50 nK, Fermi melting point of potassium-40 Bose melting point of bosonic atomic gases Doppler-locked refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps |
| 10−6 | 1 μK | nuclear demagnetization |
| 10−3 | 1 mK | radio excitations 1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation 950 mK, melting point of helium microwave excitations |
| 100 | 1 K | 1 K at the Boomerang nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium |
| 101 | 10 K | Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K mean on Pluto 53 K mean of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K mean of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide (YBCO) Everyday substances near liquid air's temperature with incipient Fermi-condensate populations result in spontaneous luminescence, loss or lack of hysteresis, inductive and capacitive electronic moments that readily adsorb or expel or float upon unlike substances: 2 |
| 10² | 100 K | infrared excitations 165 K, glass point of supercooled water 183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water ~293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water 647 K, critical point of superheated water See detailed list below |
| 10³ | 1 kK | visible light excitations 1170 K at large log fire flames 1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1870 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle Orbiter hull in 8km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2320 K at open hydrogen flame 3683 K, melting point of tungsten 3823 K, melting point of a diamond 3925 K, sublimation point of carbon 4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide 4700 K, triple point of overbound carbon 5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary 5780 K on the Sun 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7020.5 K, critical point of carbon 7736 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy ultraviolet excitations anionic sparks |
| 104 | 10 kK | 10 kK on Sirius A 10-15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 32 kK on Sirius B 37 kK in proton-electron reactions about 300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations |
| 106 | 1 MK | γ-ray excitations 1–10 MK in the Sun's corona 13.6 MK at Sun's core 100 MK, needed for controlled nuclear fusion 510 MK, plasma in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor |
| 109 | 1 GK | 1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 3 GK in electron-positron reactions 10 GK in supernova explosions 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang |
| 1012 | 1 TK | 0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of quarks into quark-gluon plasma 3-5 TK in proton-antiproton reactions Z0 electronuclear excitations 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 300–900 TK at proton-nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector |
| 1015 | 1 PK | 0.3–2.2 PK at proton-antiproton collisions in same |
| 1018 | 1 EK | 2–13 EK at heavy nuclear conversions in the Large Hadron Collider |
| 1021 | 1 ZK | heart of galactic clusters-mergers |
| 1024 | 1 YK | 0.5–7 YK at Ultra-High-energy cosmic rays collisions |
| 1027 | grand symmetry-breaking grand unified theory excitations temperature 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang |
|
| 1030 | 1.4×1032 K, Planck temperature of micro black holes temperature 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang |
|
| 1033 | Landau poles extradimensional gauge freedom |
Detailed list of temperatures from 100 K to 1000 K
Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.
| Kelvins | Degrees Celsius |
Degrees Fahrenheit |
Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 K | −173.15 °C | −279.67 °F | |
| 125 K | −148 °C | −234.4 °F | superconductivity point of Tl-Ba-Cu-oxide |
| 138 K | −135 °C | −211 °F | superconductivity point of Hg-Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-oxide |
| 143 K | −130 °C | −202 °F | mean "surface" temperature of Saturn |
| 152 K | −121 °C | −185.8 °F | mean "surface" temperature of Jupiter |
| 184 K | −89.2 °C | −128.6 °F | coldest temperature recorded on Earth |
| 194.6 K | −78.5 °C | −109.3 °F | sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice) |
| 210 K | −63 °C | −81.4 °F | mean surface temperature of Mars |
| 234.32 K | −38.83 °C | −37.9 °F | melting point of mercury |
| 255.37 K | −17.78 °C | 0 °F | coldest brine-ice solution found by Fahrenheit |
| 272 K | −1.1 °C | 30 °F | temperature of frigid ocean waters |
| 273.15 K | 0 °C | 32 °F | melting point of water (at STP) |
| 278 K | 5 °C | 41 °F | recommended temperature for refrigeration of food |
| 287 K | 14 °C | 57 °F | mean surface temperature of the Earth |
| 294 K | 20.5 °C | 69 °F | lowest human body temperature survived |
| 295 K | 21 °C | 70 °F | room temperature |
| 304 K | 31 °C | 88 °F | melting point of butter |
| 308 K | 35 °C | 95 °F | warmest sea temperature measured, at the Red Sea |
| 310 K | 37 °C | 98.6 °F | standard human body temperature |
| 315 K | 42 °C | 107 °F | usually fatal human fever temperature |
| 331 K | 58 °C | 136.4 °F | hottest temperature recorded on Earth, at El Azizia |
| 336 K | 63 °C | 145 °F | milk pasteurization temperature |
| 343 K | 70 °C | 158 °F | temperature of hot springs at which some bacteria thrive |
| 355 K | 82 °C | 180 °F | recommended coffee brewing temperature |
| 373.15 K | 100 °C | 212 °F | boiling point of water |
| 400 K | 127 °C | 260.6 °F | hottest temperature of Concorde nose tip |
| 452 K | 179 °C | 354.2 °F | mean surface temperature of Mercury |
| 600.65 K | 327.50 °C | 621.5 °F | melting point of lead |
| 737 K | 464 °C | 867.2 °F | mean surface temperature of Venus |
| 755 K | 482 °C | 900 °F | a typical electric oven on the self-cleaning cycle |
| 933.47 K | 660.32 °C | 1220.6 °F | melting point of aluminium |
| 1000 K | 727.15 °C | 1340.87 °F |
References
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/09/11/cold_sodium030911
- ^ http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases "Liquid Gases". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia. (1911, 2006)