Top dead centre



In a reciprocating engine, the dead center is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from, or nearest to, the crankshaft. The former is known as top dead center (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead center (BDC).

More generally, the dead center is any position of a crank where the applied force is straight along its axis, meaning no turning force can be applied. Crank-driven machines rely on the energy stored in a flywheel to overcome the dead center, or are designed, in the case of multi-cylinder engines, so that dead centers can never exist on all cranks at the same time. A steam locomotive is an example of the latter, the connecting rods being arranged such that the dead center for each cylinder occurs out of phase with the other one (or two) cylinders.

Bicycles

Bicycle cranks have dead centers at approximately 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock where simple pushing down of the pedal will not turn the chainwheel, but the rider's leg is able to apply tangential force at the pedal to overcome it. Fixed gear bicycles (without a freehub) use the momentum of the bicycle and rider to keep the chainwheel turning even if the rider makes no attempt to pedal in a circular motion.

Internal combustion engine

Top dead center is the datum point from which engine timing measurements are made. For example, ignition system timing is normally specified as degrees before top dead center (BTDC) although a very few small and fast-burning engines require a spark just after top dead center (ATDC), such as the Nissan MA engine with hemispherical combustion chambers, or hydrogen engines.

Top dead center for cylinder one is often marked on the crankshaft pulley, the flywheel or dynamic balancer or both, with adjacent timing marks showing the recommended ignition timing settings as decided during engine development. These timing marks can be used to set the ignition timing either statically by hand or dynamically using a timing light, by rotating the distributor in its seat.

In a multi-cylinder engine, pistons may reach top dead center simultaneously or at different times depending on the engine configuration. For example:

• In the V-twin configuration, the two pistons reach TDC at different times, equal to the angular displacement between the cylinders.
• In the flat twin configuration, two opposing pistons reach TDC simultaneously, which is also called 0° displacement.
• In the straight-4 configuration, the two end pistons (pistons 1 and 4) reach TDC simultaneously, as do the two center pistons (pistons 2 and 3), but these two pairs reach TDC with an angular displacement of 180°. Similar patterns are found in almost all straight engines with even numbers of cylinders, with the two end pistons and two middle pistons moving together (not necessarily 180° out of phase however) and the intermediate pistons moving in pairs in mirror-image around the center of the engine.
• In the flatplane V8 and many larger V engines, the piston motion within each bank is similar to that of a straight engine, however in the crossplane V8 and all V10 engines the motion is far more complex.

The concept of top dead center is also extended to pistonless rotary engines, and means the point in the cycle in which the volume of a combustion chamber is smallest. This typically occurs several times per rotor revolution; In the Wankel engine for example it occurs three times for every one revolution of the rotor.

By finding the volume of the cylinder using TDC and BDC and multiplying it by the number of cylinders you have, you will get your engine displacement.

Steam engine

As steam engines are commonly horizontal, the relevant terms are front dead center and back dead center rather than "top" and "bottom".

If a single-cylinder steam engine stops in either of the dead center positions it must be moved off the dead center before it will re-start. In small engines this is done by turning the flywheel by hand. In large engines the flywheel is moved with a lever or "turning bar". Both operations must be done with care to avoid the operator becoming entangled in the machinery.

Steam locomotives normally have two cylinders with the cranks set at right angles so one piston will always be off the dead center and no starting assistance is required.

Other machines

This term is also used in the realm of production equipment. A mechanical punch press employs a crankshaft similar to that found in an engine. In the punch press the crankshaft drives a ram which when it is farthest away from the platen of the press is considered to be in the position of top dead center.

Look up top dead center in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.