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Welsh English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish (see below) refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. The dialects are significantly influenced by Welsh grammar and often include words derived from Welsh. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, there is a variety of accents found across Wales from the South Wales Valleys to Monmouthshire to West Wales. The term can also refer to individual words borrowed from English (often recent additions to the English language for which there is no Welsh equivalent yet), but spoken by a fluent Welsh speaker and altered to fit the Welsh language eg. "Dwi'n computio fo rwan", to mean "I'm computing it now".

Some people use the same word to refer to any form of English spoken in Wales.

Pronunciation and peculiarities

Some of the features of Welsh English are:

• Distinctive intonational differences, including a rising intonation at the end of statements - sometimes characterised as "sing-song".
• Lengthening of all vowels is common in strong valleys accents.
• The vowel in English words such as "bus" is not that of Standard English but that of the obscure sound of the letter "y" in Welsh. Thus, in Welsh English, the vowel sounds in "bus" and "the" are identical.
• In some areas, pronouncing [ɪ] as [ɛ] e.g. "edit" and "benefit" as if spelt "edet" and "benefet".
• A strong tendency (shared with Scottish English) towards using an alveolar trill [r] (a 'rolled r') in place of an approximant [ɹ] (the r used in most accents in England).
• Yod-dropping is rare after any consonant, so rude and rood, threw and through, chews and choose, chute and shoot, for example, are usually distinct.

Influence of the Welsh language

As well as borrowing words directly from the Welsh language (e.g. cwtch, bach), Welsh English is influenced by the grammar of Welsh and Welsh intonation. Placing something at the start of a sentence emphasises it: "furious, she was". Repetition for double emphasis is not uncommon : "It was a little-little car, a Fiat". Conversely, structures that would indicate emphasis in Standard English, like "He does go there", or "I do do it", might be used in neutral contexts, where no emphasis is intended. This derives from the common use of periphrasis and auxiliary verbs in spoken Welsh.

There is also evidence of semantic influence. For example:

1. The Welsh verb dysgu means both "learn" and "teach", and sentences like "He learned me to drive" in place of Standard-English "He taught me to drive" are not uncommon.
2. Question tags. In Standard-English question tags are common, seeking agreement from the listener. e.g. She's a good teacher, isn't she? Notice that the question tag always uses the same verb and in the same tense, but is put as a negative, or a negative statement has a positive tag, 'That wasn't kind, was it?' He looks hungry, doesn't he? etc, but in Welsh-English they frequently say: She's a good teacher, isn't it? / That wasn't kind, is it? / He looks hungry, isn't it? The question tag is always the verb 'to be', and in the present tense. This can be very confusing to learners of English, but the explanation is that the expression 'isn't it?' is short for 'isn't it true?' thus seeking agreement/confirmation from the listener, i.e. the meaning is the same, but the actual words used are different from Standard-English.
3. Welsh people sometimes say "I lost the bus" rather than "I missed the bus". The Welsh word "colli" normally means "lose" but also means "miss" in the case of buses and such.

History of the English Language in Wales

English was formally established as the language of law and government in Wales by the Laws In Wales Act implemented in 1536 and sometimes called the "Act of Union". This stated: "the people of the same dominion have and do daily use a speche nothing like ne consonant to the naturall mother tonge used within this Realme", and then declared the intention "utterly to extirpe alle and singular sinister usages and customs" belonging to Wales. The Act made English the only language of the law courts and stated that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales. The parts of the 1535 Act relating to language were repealed only in 1993, by the Welsh Language Act 1993, though annotations on the Statute Law Database copy of the act reads that sections 18–21 were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1887.

During the 19th century, English was considered a superior language for tuition, and some schools used the Welsh Not to punish Welsh speakers and encourage the use of English.

The influx of English workers during the Industrial Revolution in Wales from about 1800 led to a substantial dilution of the Welsh-speaking population of Wales. English migrants seldom learnt Welsh and their Welsh colleagues tended to speak English in mixed Welsh–English contexts. So bilingualism became almost universal. The legal status of Welsh was inferior to that of English, and so English gradually came to prevail.

Regional accents within Wales

There is a very wide range of regional accents within Wales.

South Wales

The 'sing-song' Welsh accent familiar to many English people is generally associated with South Wales and the South Wales Valleys of the old South Wales Coalfield, most notably in the "mid-west" area from Port Talbot to Llanelli. Somewhat reduced South-Wales accents can be heard from serious Shakespearian 'theatre' actors Richard Burton and Anthony Hopkins, or on recordings of Dylan Thomas. Such accents are prominent in the film Twin Town and heard from Tom Jones and Catherine Zeta-Jones.

Cardiff

The Cardiff accent and dialect is somewhat distinctive in Wales. People associated with the accent include Charlotte Church, Colin Jackson, Ryan Giggs and Shirley Bassey. In colloquial language, Cardiffians tend to use a 3rd person singular verb conjugation when referring to the 1st person singular or plural. For example, I knows it/We knows it rather than I know it/We know it. A more general and distinguishing feature is the pronunciation of /ɑː/ as /æ/. Taking this into account with the general Welsh English feature of pronouncing /ɪ/ as /ɛ/, Cardiffians would say they're from Caaardeff. Cardiffians also commonly use a glottal stop instead of /t/, for example, water would be pronounced as wa'er. Futhermore, there is a tendency to use the present indicative form of a verb when the imperfect form is required, such as I come in and sit down rather than I came in and sat down.

The city itself has different dialects, with people from the eastern and western districts of the city having a stronger and broader accent. They also tend to pronounce here as yur, all right as orraye and use the word lush to mean great, fabulous or attractive.

The accent is so broad that a speech software company worked with Cardiffians to improve such software.¹ Although based in nearby Barry, accents heard in the sitcom Gavin & Stacey are not Cardiff or Barry accents, with the exception of the character Nessa.

Newport

The accent of Newport is also distinctive, quite different from that of nearby Cardiff and has some of the influence of rural Monmouthshire, i.e. some Newportonians going shopping go "down town", which may be pronounced as "Dewn tewn", for 'into town'. An influx of Midlanders 100 years ago, when the Lysaghts steelworks was opened, has also had some effect. Many aspects of the accent are clearly discernible in songs by Newport-based satirical rap group Goldie Lookin Chain.

Swansea

An online survey for the BBC,² reported in January 2005, placed the Swansea accent in the bottom ten accents likely to help a career, although "Cardiff folk ranked only a few places higher".

North East Wales

In North East Wales, the accent can sound like those of Cheshire and Merseyside (the latter most evident in Flintshire). Towns nearer the border or with substantial populations tend to have Scouse-like accents, due to the preference of the urban youth and Liverpudlians living there^{citation needed}, as well as the high population of families having moved there from the Liverpool area in recent centuries^{citation needed}. It is not unusual to find that someone whose first language is Welsh speaks English like a Liverpudlian. More 'sing-song' accents are often found in Welsh speakers in the Northeast.

Western Wales

In the South of Pembrokeshire, the accent is similar in some respects to Cornish speech patterns^{citation needed}. Certain Welsh words such as 'crwt' (little) and 'pwdu' (huff) are used, despite the low number of Welsh speakers in the area. Owing to the high number of English migrants to the area, South Pembrokeshire is sometimes claimed to have an almost English accent^{citation needed}; however, this is incorrect.^{citation needed}. There is a distinct South Pembrokeshire accent and terminology used, although this is now in retreat.

Accents in Wales vary even over relatively short distances. The Neath accent is different again. Within Carmarthenshire, there is a noticeable difference between the Carmarthen, Llanelli and Ammanford accents. As in many other areas of Britain, the strength of different south-Walian accents is frequently related to social class, with the pronunciation of more educated speakers often closer to RP.

Influence outside Wales

While English accents have affected the accents of English in Wales, influence has moved in both directions. In particular, Scouse and Brummie accents have both had extensive Anglo-Welsh input through immigration, although in the former case, the influence of Anglo-Irish is better known. To the English ear, the accent of many people in border towns in Herefordshire and Shropshire, such as Kington and Craven Arms, is Welsh.

See also

• Regional accents of English speakers

References

External links

• Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
• Talk Tidy : John Edwards, Author of books and CDs on the subject "Wenglish".
• Some thoughts and notes on the English of south Wales : D Parry-Jones, National Library of Wales journal 1974 Winter, volume XVIII/4
• Samples of Welsh Dialect(s)/Accent(s)
• Welsh vowels